Poor bone development, brittle or weak bones, decreased milk production, poor growth rate and impairment of muscle function

Reduced conception rates, decreased milk production, reduced nutrient efficiency and increased embryonic mortality

Decreased muscle function, poor bone development and metabolic dysfunction such as grass tetany

Immune system function, reduced conception rates, increased placental retention and decreased feed utilization

Increased abortions, increased calf mortality and weak or deformed legs and joints

Decreased re-breeding, poor or discolored hair coat, increased calf scours, decreased immune system function and weak or brittle bones

Decreased energy utilization. Cobalt must be in a form that can be utilized in the rumen

Decreased nutrient utilization, decreased reproductive efficiency and increased embryonic mortality

increased placental retention, impaired immune function, increased calf scours, increased embryonic mortality, reduced conception rate and increased incidence of white muscle disease.